1. Inhalation (Breathing In)
The most common and rapid route in workplaces.
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Occurs when gases, vapors, dust, mists, or fumes are breathed in.
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Lungs absorb chemicals quickly and pass them into the bloodstream.
Examples:
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Breathing solvent vapors (e.g. toluene)
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Inhaling chlorine gas
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Dust from asbestos or silica
Effects:
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Irritation of eyes, nose, throat
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Respiratory diseases
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Systemic poisoning
2. Absorption (Through Skin or Eyes)
Skin can absorb many chemicals, especially liquids.
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Especially dangerous with solvents, acids and pesticides
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Eyes are even more vulnerable and can absorb faster than skin.
Examples:
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Handling chemicals without gloves
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Splashes in eyes from corrosives
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Contaminated clothing
Effects:
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Local burns or rashes
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Systemic effects (e.g. pesticides absorbed through skin)
3. Ingestion (Swallowing)
Usually occurs accidentally due to poor hygiene.
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Not washing hands before eating, drinking, or smoking
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Contaminated food, utensils, or hands
Examples:
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Swallowing lead dust from dirty hands
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Drinking from a chemical-contaminated water bottle
Effects:
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Digestive damage
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Liver/kidney toxicity
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Long-term organ damage
4. Injection (Puncture through Skin)
Less common, but very serious.
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Happens through cuts, punctures, or improper use of needles or sharp tools
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Can directly introduce chemicals into the bloodstream
Examples:
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Accidental needle sticks in medical or lab settings
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Broken glassware with chemical residue
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High-pressure fluid leaks (hydraulic injection)
Effects:
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Immediate local damage
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Systemic poisoning
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Risk of infection
🛡️ Preventive Measures:
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Use PPE: masks, gloves, goggles, face shields
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Maintain good hygiene: wash hands, avoid eating in work areas
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Implement safe handling procedures
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Use ventilation and containment systems
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